Syllabus
Course Syllabus HYGIENE Hygienic issues in health services Occupational hygiene and occupational health (OH): focus, history and legislation. Basic definitions -exposure, hazard, risk, risk assessment.
Exposure assessment - principle of occupational risk assessment. Risk analysis at work.
Hazard identification. Occupational risk assessment and management, practical examples (dentistry).
Principles of medical fitness assessment. Physical factors of environment Noise, vibrations, non-ionising radiation, lighting, UV radiation, ionising radiation, climatic factors. Health and environment Basic terms and definitions of hygiene and epidemiology; notes on history, primary prevention, adaptation, acclimatization, induction of tolerance, vaccination, health promotion. Secondary and tertiary prevention - forms, objectives, practice.
Men and environment versus importance of lifestyle for human health. Local & global problems caused by persistent xenobiotics like toxic metals, polyhaloganated hydrocarbons and ionizing radiation.
Energy production and traffic emissions. Biological monitoring, biological exposure test, biological limit. Water Water and health: physiological importance, water metabolism, requirements on the quality of drinking water and related health hazards.
Drinking water treatment, fluoridation, disinfection, ozone, UV radiation, filters. Preparation of drinking water in emergency situations.
Self-cleaning capability of surface water, recreational waters and related health risks. Water-born infections.
Waste water treatment - principles. Health risks of waste water improper treatment. Indoor/outdoor pollution, sick building syndrome.
Pollution of indoor environment: Building - related difficulties and their causes, especially allergies and asthma and risk factors for them indoors; Non-specific disorders like humidifier fever, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, sick building syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome, electrical sensitivity syndrome; Toxic reaction (moulds) Infectious diseases - viral, bacterial, fungal [real building-related illnesses], Cancer - especially problems with radon in buildings. Known risk factors of these problems, how to prevent disorders cause by the pollution of indoor environment and how to treat either a building (elimination of some equipment), or the patient.
Outdoor factors and pollution: Chemical factors - inorganic compounds (NOx, SO2, CO, CO2) ozone; organic compounds (VOCs, formaldehyde, PAHs); outdoor pollution in students’countries - health hazards and possible ways, how to solve these problems. Lifestyle - nutrition Dietary guidelines for population. Food composition, significance of specific nutrients and food groups.
Infant & young child nutrition. Food safety.
Malnutrition. Lifestyle - tobacco dependence The tobacco epidemic; tobacco related morbidity and mortality, health impact of tobacco use, different forms of tobacco use, tobacco smoke composition, passive smoking. Effecetive prevention measures, basics of tobacco dependence (psychobehavioural and physical/drug dependence), basic treatment recommendations for any health professionals, possibilities in the Czech Republic and worldwide, international recommendations. EPIDEMIOLOGY Epidemiological method of work Descriptive studies; the basic characteristics of person, place and time.
Analytical studies - cohort studies, case-control studies. Advantages and disadvantages, examples.
Experimental studies - ethical problems of experiment. Clinical control study, field control study.
Method of blind experiment. Natural experiments.
Risk, incidence density, population time (person-years). Associations in analytical studies: risk difference, risk ratio, rate ratio, odds ratio. Statistics Introduction of statistical methodology.
Descriptive and inductive statistics, statistical induction. Types of random samples.
Quantitative and qualitative variables. Measures of location and variability.
Gaussian distribution. Planning of epidemiological studies.
Principles of statistical hypotheses testing. Evaluation of epidemiological studies.
Tests of hypotheses in four-fold table. Contingency table and Chi-square distribution.
General principles of measuring statistical dependence. Process of infection spreading Characteristics. Elimination, eradication.
Etiological agents - pathogenicity, virulence, toxicity, invasiveness, resistance, infectious dose. Links of the process of infection spreading: source of infection, transmission, susceptible individual. Epidemiology of infectious diseases. Importance of infectious disease in history and now.
Global incidence. Food-borne infection; Air-borne infection; Contact infections of the skin and mucous membranes.
Vector-born infection; Diseases transmitted by blood. Occurrence, etiology, sources, ways of spreading.
Prevention and repression. Nosocomial infections - Specific & non-specific; exogenous and endogenous Risk factors.
Occurrence, etiology, sources, ways of spreading. Prevention and repression. Anti-epidemic measures; immunization Preventive and repressive anti-epidemic measures.
Disinfection, sterilization. (Sterilization - physical, chemical methods and control. Disinfection - physical, chemical methods.
Immunization: importance, Herd immunity. Immunization programmes.
Types of vaccines, requirement, contraindications. Organization of vaccination. Epidemiology of malignant tumours Incidence & mortality of cancer in different part of the world, special sites of cancer important in different parts of the world; potential risk factors - non-susceptible/susceptible: chronic infections, smoking, diet; IARC classification of carcinogens, some examples of classified carcinogens. Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
Epidemiology, comparison with other countries, trends, different kinds of CVD. Atherosclerosis and its genesis, different stages, clinical manifestation.
Risk factors of CVD - controllable (life-style factors - alcohol and tobacco consumption, diet, physical activity etc.), uncontrollable (age, gender, family history etc.). Basic information about metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity and hyperlipidaemia.
SCORE chart for evaluation of CVD risk - hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, age and tobacco consumption. Stress and its sense - acute, chronic, chronic fatigue syndrome, burn-out syndrome.
Annotation
Issues concerning the hygiene of work environment with the emphasis on dental practices - ergonomics, hazards, prevention. Toxicological issues in the dentistry.
Nutrition basics and nutrition as a factor influencing mouth diseases and pathologic processes in mouth, recommendations, prevention. Physical factors occurring in a dental surgery (light, noise, vibrations, ionising radiation, microclimatic factors), hazards, possibilities of prevention.
Methodology of epidemiology, general epidemiology, epidemiology of tumours, epidemiology of infectious diseases, nosocomial infections, immunization related to stomatology. Life-style risk factors.
Capability to diagnose selected avitaminoses, poisonings etc. manifested in the mouth, basic preventive nutrition recommendations according to found deficiencies. Capability to assess one's own work related hazards.
Mastering of basic epidemiologic methods indispensable for hygienically safe operation of a stomatologic surgery and for solving occurring epidemiological situations.