Syllabus
* LECTURES - winter semester
1. Cell - morphological and functional unit of the organism. Cell membrane - structure and function. Membrane organelles.
2. Non-membrane organelles. Cytoskeleton. Specialization of the cell surface. Cell junctions. Molecular principle of the molecular motors. Clinical aspect: Mutations of keratins and skin disease.
3. Nucleus - structure and function. Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis. Cell death - apoptosis. Exocytosis, endocytosis. Cell inclusions (deposits). Clinical aspect: Tumorigenesis.
4. Tissues - classification, general structure and function. Embryonic origin of tissues - germ layers.
5. Connective tissue - general characterization. Extracellular matrix - its synthesis and composition. Cartilage - structure and function Clinical aspect: Wound healing.
6. Types of bone tissue, structure and function. Bone histogenesis. Dentin and cementum. Clinical aspect: Bone fracture repair.
7. Muscle tissue. General characterization of smooth and striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac). Intercalated disc structure. Functional morphology of a myofibril. Clinical aspect: Muscle hypertrophy and atrophy
8. Nerve tissue. Neuron - structure. Synapse - structure and function. Neuroglia - classification, structure, function. Nerve fibers and their sheets. Initiation, spreading and transmission of a nerve impulse. Clinical aspect: Demyelinating diseases
9. Blood - composition and function of peripheral blood. Blood plasma. Classification and general characteristic of the blood elements. Hematopoiesis - hematopoietic periods, stem and progenitor cells. Regulatory mechanisms of hematopoiesis. Clinical aspect: Anemia.
10. Cardiovascular system I. Heart - endocardium, myocardium, epicardium. Electrical conduction system of the heart - histological structure. Blood vessels - general structure. Types of capillaries, their function. Clinical aspect: Myocardial infarction.
11. Defense of the organism, basic principles. Lymphatic organs - structure and function. Clinical aspect: Inflammation.
12. GIT 1 - liver and biliary tract - cytology and functional morphology of hepatocyte. Oral cavity. Structure of the tooth. Clinical aspect: Cholelithiasis.
13. GIT 2 - gut tube-general structure. Mucosa of the stomach. Clinical aspects: Peptic ulcer.
14. GIT 3 - mucosa of the small intestine, functional morphology of enterocyte. Clinical aspect: Malabsorptive disorder.
15. Respiratory system. Mucosa of the respiratory airways. Mucociliary complex. Respiratory epithelium and its functional morphology (blood-air barrier). Clinical aspect: Asthma bronchiale. * Practical lesson - winter semester
1. Introduction to cytology and histology. Basic terms. Methods of study of cells and tissues. Histological specimen. Processing of material. Communication with the histopathological lab. Basics of microscopy
2. Principles of staining, histological dyes. Basic and special staining methods. Identification of staining methods on slides. /Set T/.
3. Basics of histochemistry, immunohistochmistry and electron microscopy. Microscopical analysis of slides demonstrating histological techniques. /Set T/
4. Epithelial tissue 1 - general characteristic, classification, basic types and their morphological properties. Microscopy of epithelial tissue. /Set T/
5. Epithelial tissue 2 - functional classification and characteristic, glands - general structure, classification, types of secretion and their cytological features. Microscopy of glands. /Set B1 and H/.
6. Connective tissue. Visualization of connective tissue fibers. Types of connective tissue cells. Types of connective tissue, structure and function. Microscopy of connective tissue. /Set A/.
7. Lamellar and woven bone. Microscopy of hyaline and elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage, lamellar and woven bone. /Set A/.
8. Muscle tissue. Intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Microscopy of ossification and muscle tissue. /Set A/.
9. Neurohistological methods. Types of neurons in CNS and PNS. Structure of the peripheral nerve. Motor end plate, muscle spindle. /Set L/.
10. Blood. Formed blood elements. Preparation, staining and evaluation of a blood smear. Leukogram - its significance for diagnosis.
11. Bone marrow examination. Morphology of cell lineages of blood elements.
12. Cardiovascular system. Elastic and muscular arteries. Veins. Microscopy of heart, aorta, neurovascular bundle, inferior vena cava. /Set F/.
13. Spleen, thymus, lymph node, palatine tonsil, lingual tonsil. Set G
14. GIT1 - Salivary glands and pancreas. Organs of the oral cavity - lip, tongue, tooth. /Set B1/ * LECTURES - summer semester
1. Urinary system. Kidney, functional morphology of nephron. Clinical aspect: Diseases of glomeruli.
2. Endocrine glands - functional morphology of endocrine cells. Clinical aspect: Diabetes mellitus.
3. Male reproductive system - cytology of spermiogenesis, hemotesticular barrier, functional morphology of male reproductive passages. Clinical aspect: Benign hyperplasia of the prostate.
4. Female reproductive system - morphological features of ovarian and menstrual cycle. Clinical aspect: Cervicovaginal smear.
5. Integumentary system - functional morphology of the skin and skin appendages. Clinical aspect: Breast tumors.
6. The nervous system - CNS (brain, cerebellum, spinal cord). Hematoencephalic barrier. Clinical aspect: Degenerative brain diseases.
7. The nervous system - PNS (nerves, ganglia, peripheral nerve endings). Clinical aspect: Nerve regeneration.
8. Sensory organs I. Structure of the eye-retina. Clinical aspect: Retinopathy.
9. Sensory organs II. Structure of the inner ear (organ of Corti, macula statica, crista ampullaris), olfactory mucosa, taste buds. Clinical aspect: Hearing disorders.
10. Fertilization, cleavage and development of the blastocyst. Clinical aspect: Infertility and its treatment.
11. Implantation. Development of the yolk sac, amnion, chorion. Extraembryonic coelom.
12. Blastogenesis. Notogenesis. Differentiation of mesoderm and mesenchyme. Neurulation.
13. Development of the placenta, the umbilical cord and fetal membranes, their structure, function and anomalies. Hemoplacental barrier. Multiple pregnancies.
14. Causes and manifestations of the abnormal development. Chromosomal aberrations, teratogens, critical periods. Developmental anomalies.
15. Significance of embryology for gynecology and obstetrics. Prenatal diagnostics. * Practical lesson - summer semester
1. GIT2 - Liver, gall bladder. Oesophagus, stomach.
2. GIT3 - Gut, anus, appendix.
3. Respiratory system - epiglottis, larynx, trachea, lung.
4. Urinary system, kidney, urether, urinary bladder, urethra.
5. Endocrine glands.
6. Testis, epididymis, funiculus spermaticus, glandula vesiculosa, prostate.
7. Ovary, corpus luteum, oviduct, uterus, vagina.
8. Thick skin, thin skin, axilla, nail, mammary gland.
9. CNS - Brain, cerebellum, spinal cord.
10. PNS - Peripheral nerve, autonomic ganglion, spinal ganglion, muscle spindle.
11. Eye, inner ear, olfactory mucosa, taste buds.
12. Growth of the conceptus, determination of the age of the conceptus. Fetal period summary. Parturition (labor). Characteristics of full-term baby. Early development of the cardiovascular system. Primitive blood circulation.
13. Development of face, oral and nasal cavity. Development of the tooth. Microscopy of developing of the tooth.
14. Microscopy of embryologic slides - placenta, umbilical cord, chorion, decidua.
Annotation
Description of the microscopical structure of the nervous system, skin and sensory organs. Review of microscopic anatomy.
Basic description of blastogenesis and organogenesis. Overview of the general and special teratology.
The matter and scope of the histological part will be coordinated with the curriculum of anatomy and pathology.