Sylabus
* Lectures and practical trainings
Basic histological techniques. Basic technique of histological specimen processing, processing of specimen for electron microscopy, imaging devices, synoptic and special staining.
Cytology. General structure of cell, plasma membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, inclusions, cytoskeleton (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules), centriole; nucleus (nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus).
Epithelial tissue. Epithelial cells, specializations of cell surfaces, classification of epithelia, glandular epithelia.
Connective tissue. General characteristic of connective tissue, fibrillar component and ground substance of extracellular matrix, cells of connective tissue. Connective tissue proper, types of connective tissue proper. General characteristic of cartilage, types of cartilage. General characteristic of bone, types of bone, bone histogenesis, growth and remodeling, joints.
Nerve tissue. General characteristic, neurons (cell body, dendrites, axon), synapses, neuroglia, myelination.
Muscle tissue. General characteristic, types of muscle tissue, mechanism of contraction, regeneration.
Blood an hametopoiesis. Formed elements of blood (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), formation of formed blood elements.
Molecular aspects of development. Introduction to developmental biology. Genes in development. Gene expression during development. Developmental programs and regulation elements in DNA and RNA. Cell signalization pathways and network. Cell interaction. Basic cell mode: division, differentiation and death.
General embryology. Fertilization, cleavage of the ovum, blastogenesis, implantation, development of embryoblast, bilaminar germ disc, trilaminar germ disc, notogenesis. Periods of intrauterine life and changes of embryonic and fetal external appearance.
Ontogenesis. Morphogenetic processes. Mosaic and regulative embryos. Maternal and zygotic genes, homeobox genes. Ontogenesis regulation. Model organisms.
Development of tissue systems and body cavities. Development of skeletal and muscle systems, development of limbs. Development of coelom and diaphragm.
Development of fetal membranes and placenta. Development of trophoblast, fetal membranes, placenta, twin pregnancy.
Embryonic cloning. Stem cells, therapeutic cloning, transgenic organisms, knockout and knockin. Regulative and mosaic development. Preimplantation diagnosis.
Stem cells. Characteristic and cultivation of stem cells. Cell therapy, regenerative medicine and its perspectives.
Programmed cell death and its regulation. Apoptosis. Neutrophins. Regulators, adaptors and effectors of apoptotic pathways. Caspases.
Anotace
Subject Histology and Embryology at the 2nd Faculty of Medicine of Charles University is taught in the summer semester of the 1st year (HE1) and in the winter semester of the 2nd year (HE2), which is finished by an examination. The course provides students with basic knowledge of cytology, general histology, microscopic anatomy, histologic techniques, general and special embryology, and developmental biology.