Syllabus
* Lectures and practical trainings
Circulatory system. General structure of vessels, capillaries, arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, heart.
Lymphoid system. General structure and classification of lymphoid organs, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils.
Organogenesis of circulatory and lymphatic systems. Development of the heart, arteries and veins, primitive and fetal circulation, circulatory changes at birth, development of lymphoid vessels and organs.
Respiratory system. Epithelium lining airways, structures responsible for air conditioning, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, interalveolar septum.
Digestive system. General structure of digestive tract, oral cavity, tongue, teeth, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine. Glands associated with the digestive tract - salivary glands, pancreas, liver, biliary tract.
Organogenesis of digestive and respiratory systems. Development of the face, oral and nasal cavities and teeth, primitive gut and its development, pharyngeal gut, development of glands associated with the digestive tract, development of respiratory organs, stages of the lung development.
Urinary system. Structure of kidneys (renal corpuscle, nephrons, collecting tubules and ducts, juxtaglomerular apparatus), urinary passages.
Male reproductive system. Structure of testis, spermatogenesis, intratesticular and excretory genital ducts, accessory genital glands, penis.
Female reproductive system. Structure of ovary, ovarian follicles, ovulation, corpus luteum, oviduct, uterus, changes in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle, vagina, external genitalia.
Organogenesis of urinary and genital systems. Development of the intermediate mesoderm, pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros - permanent kidney, development of urinary passages, development of testes and ovaries, development of male and female genital ducts, development of external genitalia.
Endocrine system. Hypophysis (adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis), pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid glands, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla.
Nervous system. Central and peripheral nervous system, grey and white matter, spinal cord, cerebellum, cerebrum, meninges, choroid plexus, peripheral nerves, nerve ganglia.
Organogenesis of nervous and endocrine systems. Neurulation, histogenesis of the neural tube, primitive brain vesicles, development of the spinal cord and brain, development of the peripheral nerves, development of the endocrine organs.
Skin. Epidermis, keratinization, melanocytes and pigment formation, dermis, skin adnexes (hair, nails, glands of the skin), mammary gland.
Organogenesis of skin. Developmental stages of the skin, development of skin adnexes and derivatives.
Sensory organs. Classification of sensory organs receptors. Somatic and visceral receptors. Structure of eye (fibrous, vascular and nervous layers, lens, vitreous body, accessory structures of eye). Chemoreceptors (olfactory epithelium, taste buds). Audioreceptors (structure of ear, external, middle and internal ear). Proprioceptors.
Organogenesis of sensory organs. Development of the eye and ear, development of the olfactory epithelium.
Special histological techniques. Histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, lectin histochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, in situ hybridization, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Embryonic cloning. Stem cells, therapeutic cloning, transgenic organisms, knockout and knockin. Regulative and mosaic development. Preimplantation diagnosis.
Stem cells. Characteristic and cultivation of stem cells. Cell therapy, regenerative medicine and its perspectives.
Biology of aging. Longevity. Genetic nature of aging, genes controlling aging. Mitochondrial interaction. Diet restriction. Free radicals. Developmental biology and human diseases.
Annotation
The subject of Histology and Embryology II is intended only for ISP students who repeat it in the second year and have it included in the second year of this divided year.
The course provides students with basic knowledge of microscopic anatomy, special histologic techniques, special embryology, and developmental biology.