Syllabus
Syllabus of pathological physiology – dental medicine
The student knows the facts in the field of general and special pathophysiology, can present and logically organize them, recognize and evaluate their importance, name examples of described phenomena. The student is oriented in the problem and can explain pathophysiological mechanisms of the diseases, explain how and why pathological processes happen and develop. The student can find and explain a context and relations between knowledge of various areas of pathophysiology, understand and use interdependence of individual organ systems in normal as well as pathological states. The student has knowledge of subjects which pathophysiology follows up on, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology. The student can use this knowledge to understand pathophysiology and can find and explain their relations.
General pathophysiology
Introduction to the subject, definition of basic terms, etiology, pathogenesis
Disease and its course, manifestation of diseases
Etiological factors
Intrinsic etiological factors (constitution, reactivity, epigenetics, heredity)
Extrinsic etiological factors (physical, chemical, biological, social)
Developmental disorders
Diseases and disorders linked to a certain age
Gametopathy, blastopathy, embryopathy, fetopathy, perinatal damage, teratogenic factors
Growth disorders - nanism, gigantism
Aging - causes and mechanisms of aging, theory of aging, consequences of aging
Terminal states, death - clinical and biological death, causes and mechanisms of death, signs of death, dying and its stages, persistent vegetative state, locked-in syndrome
Stress - the concept of general adaptation syndrome, stress phases, relation of stress to pathogenesis of disease, stress diseases, stress axes disturbances
Pathophysiology of immunity – immune deficiency, allergy, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, transplantation
Pathophysiology of thermoregulation – overheating, hypothermia, fever, malignant hyperthermia
Pathophysiology of tumors - classification of tumors, tumorigenesis, metastasis, consequences and manifestations of tumors, pseudotumors
Acid-base balance and its disorders
Pathophysiology of body fluids – changes of volume and osmolality, edema
Special pathophysiology – pathophysiology of organ systems
Pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system
Heart defects, disturbances of peripheral blood circulation, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, arterial hypertension, cardiac insufficiency and failure, pulmonary hypertension, thromboembolic disease, circulatory shock
Pathophysiology of the blood
Pathophysiology of red blood cells, pathophysiology of leukocytes, hemorrhagic diathesis, thrombotic states
Pathophysiology of breathing
Hypoxia, cyanosis, respiratory insufficiency, obstructive and restrictive disorders of lung ventilation, disorders of lung diffusion and perfusion, disorders of breathing regulation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, lung diseases, pleural cavity diseases
Pathophysiology of the excretory system
Pathophysiology of acute and chronic renal failure, uremic syndrome
Pathophysiology of the endocrine system
General principles and features of endocrine disorders
Pathophysiology of endocrine function of the hypothalamus, neuro- and adenohypophysis
Pathophysiology of the thyroid gland – thyroid hormones
Pathophysiology of the adrenal cortex and medulla
Pathophysiology of the parathyroid glands
Pathophysiology of metabolism and internal environment
Pathophysiology of energetic metabolism
Disorder of glycaemia regulation, diabetes mellitus
Pathophysiology of calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride metabolism
Pathophysiology of protein and amino acids metabolism, nitrogen balance
Pathophysiology of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
Pathophysiology of nutrition
Eating disorders, malnutrition, anorexia, bulimia, pathophysiology of starvation, obesity
Rational diet, carbohydrates, fats and proteins as food components
Hypovitaminoses and hypervitaminoses, lack and excess of minerals and trace elements
Pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract
Pathophysiology of the oral cavity, stomach, small and large intestine
Pathophysiology of exocrine pancreas
Pathophysiology of the liver, liver failure, portal hypertension, ascites and hyperbilirubinemia
Pathophysiology of the nervous system
General causes of disorders and illnesses of the nervous system
Disorders of peripheral nerves
Pathophysiology of the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, hypothalamus, basal ganglia
Pathophysiology of vegetative nervous system
Pathophysiology of neuromuscular transmission
Pathophysiology of learning and memory, behavior, affective functions and symbolic functions
Neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders
Pathophysiology of epilepsy
Pathophysiology of the motor system - paralysis, ataxias, extrapyramidal disorders
Pathophysiology of sleep and biological rhythms
Pathophysiology of brain edema and intracranial hypertension
Pathophysiology of the sensory systems - pathophysiology of somatosensory system, pain
Practical knowledge and skills
Statistics
Laboratory animals and principles of laboratory work
Electrocardiography, principles, ECG record description, diagnosis
Electroencephalography
Using electricity in medicine, active and passive electrical properties of tissues
Injection technique
Local and general anesthesia, complex management of general anesthesia
Surgical instruments and sewing materials
Definition of concepts, methods, preparation of the surgical field
Basic surgical procedures – surgical knots and stitches, asepsis, antisepsis
Examination of hemorrhagic diatheses, blood pressure measurement
Examination of pulmonary ventilation – spirometry, obstructive and restrictive disorders
For detailed syllabus, see the webpage of the Department of Pathophysiology: http://patofyziologie.lfp.cuni.cz/
Annotation
The subject content consists of general and special pathophysiology, i.e. general principles of pathological phenomena, etiology and pathogenesis of disorders of particular organs and organ systems and particular diseases including explanation of relations between normal and pathological processes in various organ systems and on various levels of the organism. Practical skills related to basic medical approaches in the context of theoretical knowledge are also taught. Knowledge of subjects which pathophysiology follows up on, i.e. anatomy, histology, embryology, biology chemistry and biochemistry, biophysics, physiology and microbiology, is an integral part of pathophysiology and are interrelated and used for explanation of principles of diseases and pathological processes.
Teaching of pathophysiology for dental medicine students is focused in details on general pathophysiology and on special pathophysiology of severe states and those stated that can arise as a complication of stomatological diseases or their treatment and pathophysiology of diseases that could determine a high-risk patient from the point of view of the dental medicine. Other areas of pathophysiology are explained on the level of basal overview with respect to interconnections between pathophysiology of individual organ systems.