Syllabus
LECTURES
Introduction, mechanism of cell injury
General mechanisms leading to cell damage or death
Major biochemical mechanisms of cellular damage
Course of biochemical and morphological changes in acute ischemic/hypoxic damage
Chemical injury
Oxidation stress, radical diseases
Free radicals, reactive forms of nitrogen and oxygen (RONS)
Formation of free radicals and RONS
Physiological functions of RONS
Antioxidant system of the organism
Disruption of antioxidant protection, oxidative stress
RONS in pathological processes
Biochemistry of inflammation
Phases of inflammatory response, local signs of inflammation, course of acute inflammatory response
MMediators of inflammation - biogenic amines, kinins, lipid mediators, complement, cytokines, exogenous mediators
Phagocytosis - mechanisms of intracellular killing
Systemic effects of inflammation - acute phase reaction, acute phase reactants, fever, leukocytosis, hormonal changes, cachexia, pain
Pharmacotherapeutic interventions in the metabolism of inflammatory mediators
Biochemistry of tumors
Tumor diseases - introduction, classification
Tumorigenic transformation, metastasis, angiogenesis
Apoptosis
Factors inducing tumorigenic transformation - physical, chemical and biological factors in carcinogenesis
Viral tumors. Viral and cellular oncogenes, growth factors, telomeres and telomerases
Laboratory diagnostics of tumors
Hereditary metabolic disorders
Characteristics, pathogenesis and consequences, inheritance
Clinical manifestations, treatment
Diagnosis of hereditary metabolic disorders - non-selective and selective screening
Physiological and pathological biochemistry of lipids
Digestion and absorption from GIT, disorders
Lipoproteins, structure, metabolism
Dyslipoproteinaemias
Biochemistry of atherosclerosis
Lipidoses
Physiological and pathological biochemistry of carbohydrates
Digestion and absorptionof saccharides, disorders
Disorders of main metabolic pathways of carbohydrates - disorders of fructose and galactose metabolism, glycogenoses
Complex carbohydrates - disorders of glycosylation, mucopolysaccharidoses
Regulation of blood glucose and its disorders
Diabetes mellitus as a complex metabolic disorder - biochemistry of acute diabetes, molecular basis of late consequences of diabetes
Metabolic syndrome
Physiological and pathological biochemistry of proteins and amino acids
Proteins, peptides, non-protein nitrogen-containing compounds
Digestion of proteins in GIT, absorption of amino acids from GIT, disorders. Intracellular protein degradation, disorders.
Formation and metabolism of ammonia - biochemical basis of disorders of ornithine cycle, hepatogenic encephalopathy
Inborn errors of amino acids metabolism - phenylketonuria, leucinosis, errors of sulfur-containing amino acids
Pathological biochemistry of nervous system
Protein misfolding, consequences
Neurodegenerative diseases - Alzheimer's dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, prion disorders
Nucleic acids, metabolism of purines and pyrimidines
Regulation of purine metabolism, hyperuricaemia, gout
Regulation of pyrimidine metabolism, orotaciduria
Physiological and pathological biochemistry of porphyrines
Synthesis and metabolism of porphyrines, regulation and disorders
Porphyrias, hemoglobinopathies
Jaundice (icterus)
Pathological biochemistry of hormones
General aspects of hormonal signalization
Endocrine disorders - hypofunction, hyperfunction
Disorders of adrenal steroid hormones synthesisand secretion, disorders of thyroid hormones secretion
SEMINARS
Seminar work on selected topic and its presentation in PowerPoint, analysis and discussion on chosen topic. Test of the subject matter by seminar topic.
Oxidative stress. Inflammation, mediators and biochemical markers.
Biochemistry of tumors, tumor markers.
Disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Atherosclerosis.
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, diabetes mellitus. Metabolic syndrome.
Disorders of protein metabolism. Neurodegenerative diseases. Inborn errors of amino acids' metabolism.
Disorders of porphyrine metabolism, haemoglobinoipathies, icterus.
Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Disorders of hormonal regulations.
Annotation
Pathological biochemistry (pathobiochemistry) deals with disorders of biochemical pathways and biochemical changes in human organism under pathological situations. The discipline aims to explain diseases at the molecular level.
Some aspects of human physiological biochemistry (e.g. the biochemistry of digestion and absorption, synthesis and degradation of hemoglobin, and metabolism of lipoproteins), are also discussed in the course. The major goal of Pathobiochemistry in the Pharmaceutical Sciences program is to prepare students for future understanding molecular targetting of modern pharmacotherapeutics, taught in Pharmacology.
This subject also contributes to preparation of students, who consider future employment in biomedical research. Topics: Oxidative stres and antioxidant defense, biochemistry of inflammation, biochemistry of tumors, inherited errors of metabolism, physiological and pathological biochemistry of lipids, physiological and pathological biochemistry of saccharides, physiological and pathological biochemistry of nitrogen-containing compounds, pathological biochemistry of nervous systém, physiological and pathological biochemistry of purines and pyrimidines, biochemistry of porphyrines, pathological biochemistry of hormonal regulations