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Pathological Biochemistry for Pharmaceutical Sciences

Class at Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové |
GAPS001

Syllabus

LECTURES

Introduction, mechanism of cell injury

General mechanisms leading to cell damage or death

Major biochemical mechanisms of cellular damage

Course of biochemical and morphological changes in acute ischemic/hypoxic damage

Chemical injury

Oxidation stress, radical diseases

Free radicals, reactive forms of nitrogen and oxygen (RONS)

Formation of free radicals and RONS

Physiological functions of RONS

Antioxidant system of the organism

Disruption of antioxidant protection, oxidative stress

RONS in pathological processes

Biochemistry of inflammation

Phases of inflammatory response, local signs of inflammation, course of acute inflammatory response

MMediators of inflammation - biogenic amines, kinins, lipid mediators, complement, cytokines, exogenous mediators

Phagocytosis - mechanisms of intracellular killing

Systemic effects of inflammation - acute phase reaction, acute phase reactants, fever, leukocytosis, hormonal changes, cachexia, pain

Pharmacotherapeutic interventions in the metabolism of inflammatory mediators

Biochemistry of tumors

Tumor diseases - introduction, classification

Tumorigenic transformation, metastasis, angiogenesis

Apoptosis

Factors inducing tumorigenic transformation - physical, chemical and biological factors in carcinogenesis

Viral tumors. Viral and cellular oncogenes, growth factors, telomeres and telomerases

Laboratory diagnostics of tumors

Hereditary metabolic disorders

Characteristics, pathogenesis and consequences, inheritance

Clinical manifestations, treatment

Diagnosis of hereditary metabolic disorders - non-selective and selective screening

Physiological and pathological biochemistry of lipids

Digestion and absorption from GIT, disorders

Lipoproteins, structure, metabolism

Dyslipoproteinaemias

Biochemistry of atherosclerosis

Lipidoses

Physiological and pathological biochemistry of carbohydrates

Digestion and absorptionof saccharides, disorders

Disorders of main metabolic pathways of carbohydrates - disorders of fructose and galactose metabolism, glycogenoses

Complex carbohydrates - disorders of glycosylation, mucopolysaccharidoses

Regulation of blood glucose and its disorders

Diabetes mellitus as a complex metabolic disorder - biochemistry of acute diabetes, molecular basis of late consequences of diabetes

Metabolic syndrome

Physiological and pathological biochemistry of proteins and amino acids

Proteins, peptides, non-protein nitrogen-containing compounds

Digestion of proteins in GIT, absorption of amino acids from GIT, disorders. Intracellular protein degradation, disorders.

Formation and metabolism of ammonia - biochemical basis of disorders of ornithine cycle, hepatogenic encephalopathy

Inborn errors of amino acids metabolism - phenylketonuria, leucinosis, errors of sulfur-containing amino acids

Pathological biochemistry of nervous system

Protein misfolding, consequences

Neurodegenerative diseases - Alzheimer's dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, prion disorders

Nucleic acids, metabolism of purines and pyrimidines

Regulation of purine metabolism, hyperuricaemia, gout

Regulation of pyrimidine metabolism, orotaciduria

Physiological and pathological biochemistry of porphyrines

Synthesis and metabolism of porphyrines, regulation and disorders

Porphyrias, hemoglobinopathies

Jaundice (icterus)

Pathological biochemistry of hormones

General aspects of hormonal signalization

Endocrine disorders - hypofunction, hyperfunction

Disorders of adrenal steroid hormones synthesisand secretion, disorders of thyroid hormones secretion  

SEMINARS  

Seminar work on selected topic and its presentation in PowerPoint, analysis and discussion on chosen topic. Test of the subject matter by seminar topic.

Oxidative stress. Inflammation, mediators and biochemical markers.

Biochemistry of tumors, tumor markers.

Disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Atherosclerosis.

Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, diabetes mellitus. Metabolic syndrome.

Disorders of protein metabolism. Neurodegenerative diseases. Inborn errors of amino acids' metabolism.

Disorders of porphyrine metabolism, haemoglobinoipathies, icterus.

Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Disorders of hormonal regulations.  

Annotation

Pathological biochemistry (pathobiochemistry) deals with disorders of biochemical pathways and biochemical changes in human organism under pathological situations. The discipline aims to explain diseases at the molecular level.

Some aspects of human physiological biochemistry (e.g. the biochemistry of digestion and absorption, synthesis and degradation of hemoglobin, and metabolism of lipoproteins), are also discussed in the course. The major goal of Pathobiochemistry in the Pharmaceutical Sciences program is to prepare students for future understanding molecular targetting of modern pharmacotherapeutics, taught in Pharmacology.

This subject also contributes to preparation of students, who consider future employment in biomedical research. Topics: Oxidative stres and antioxidant defense, biochemistry of inflammation, biochemistry of tumors, inherited errors of metabolism, physiological and pathological biochemistry of lipids, physiological and pathological biochemistry of saccharides, physiological and pathological biochemistry of nitrogen-containing compounds, pathological biochemistry of nervous systém, physiological and pathological biochemistry of purines and pyrimidines, biochemistry of porphyrines, pathological biochemistry of hormonal regulations