1. Přehled stresových faktorů a jejich působení v různých částech světa, teorie stres-strain, stresor-stres, mechanismy odolnosti (rezistence) rostlin vůči stresům - avoidance a tolerance, stresové reakce, shody a rozdíly mezi adaptací x aklimací rostlin.
Abiotické stresy - výskyt, mechanismy poškození a odolnosti rostlin.
2. Mechanický stres - původ, detekce rostlinou a reakce. Vysoká teplota - účinky, vnímání, transkripční odpověď a její regulace, mechanismy rezistence, priming,
3. Nízká teplota - příčiny poškození rostlin chladem a mrazem, regulace transkripční odpovědi, mechanismy rezistence. Osmotický stres- sucho, vnímání, traskripční regulace, mechanismy rezistence, dehydriny, účinnost využití vody.
4. Zasolení- definice, mechanismy rezistence, iontově toxická fáze. Toxický efekt těžkých kovů a pH prostředí - rozdělení těžkých kovů, mechanismy odolnosti, fytochelatiny, fytoremediace
5. Zaplavení a anaerobióza, nedostatek kyslíku - hypoxie a anoxie, příčiny poškození, tvorba aerenchymu a vzdušných kanálků, úloha etylénu.
6. Nutriční stres - deficience dusíku, draslíku a fosforu - spojení příjmu živin se signalizací, transkripční regulace odpovědi, mechanismy navozující toleranci k nutričnímu stresu. Záření UV, světelné - mechanismy poškození, mechanismy rezistence
7. Oxidační stres - reaktivní formy dusíku, vznik reaktivních forem kyslíku a poškození látek v rostlinách, antioxidační látky a enzymové systémy
8. Úloha sacharidů ve stresu - osmotika, osmoprotektanty, zhášení reaktivních forem kyslíku, signální funkce, vitrifikace
9. Fytohormony zapojené ve stresových odpovědích - funkce a regulace
Biotický stres - rozdělení a terminologie
10. Patogenní organismy, choroby, náchylnost a rezistence, elicitory, PR-proteiny
11. Škůdci, vztah rostliny a hmyzu, projev, mechanismy a příčiny rezistence, systémová získaná resistence.
12. Obranné mechanismy rostlin, stresové geny, proteiny a hormony, hypersenzitivní odpověď
Stress and Plants - overview, terminology and theories of stress.
1. Overview of stress factors and their effects on different parts of world, theory stress-strain, stressor-stress, resistance mechanisms in plants - escape, avoidance, tolerance, stress response, acclimation and adaptation in plants.
Abiotic factors - occurrence, mechanisms of damage and resistance in plants.
2 . Mechanical stress - mechanisms of reception and resistance. Heat stress - avoidance and tolerance of plants to heat, membrane phase transition, heat shock proteins.
3. Chilling and freezing stresses, damage by cold, avoidance and tolerance of plants to cold, hardening. Osmotic stress - drought and water deficit in plants, drought resistance, dehydrins, water use efficiency.
4. Salinity stress, ions and osmotic stress, resistance to salts and toxic effects of ions, osmotic adjustment, turgor maintenance. Heavy metals and xenobiotics, metal toxicity, effects on pH, mechanisms of resistance, phytochelatins, phytoremediation.
5. Flooding and oxygen deficiency, hypoxic and anoxic condition, acclimation and adaptation to flood, development of aerenchyma, effects on ethylene.
6. Nutrition stresses - deficience of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, mechanisms of tolerance. Irradiance, UV irradiance, mechanisms of damage and resistance.
7. Oxidative stress - reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species, photoinhibiton and photodestruction, antioxidant enzymes and compounds.
8. Role of saccharides in plant stress - osmoregulators and osmoprotectants, quenching of ROS, signalling, vitrification.
9. Phytohormones involved in plant stress - mechanisms of action and regulation
Biotic factors - occurrence, mechanisms of damage and resistance in plants.
10. Plant pathogens, diseases, host physiology, plant defence against pathogen attack, disease resistance, hypersensitive reactions, elicitors, PR-proteins.
11. Herbivory, plant - herbivory interactions, indirect and direct defences, phytoalexins, systemic acquired resistance, defensive compounds.
12. Generalities, trends, allelopathy, hypersensitive response.
Stress and Plants - overview, terminology and theories of stress. 1. Overview of stress factors and their effects on different parts of world, theory stress-strain, stressor-stress, resistance mechanisms in plants - escape, avoidance, tolerance, stress response, acclimation and adaptation in plants. Abiotic factors - occurrence, mechanisms of damage and resistance in plants. 2.
Mechanical stress - mechanisms of reception and resistance. Heat stress - avoidance and tolerance of plants to heat, membrane phase transition, heat shock proteins. 3.
Chilling and freezing stresses, damage by cold, avoidance and tolerance of plants to cold, hardening. Osmotic stress - drought and water deficit in plants, drought resistance, dehydrins, water use efficiency.4.
Salinity stress, ions and osmotic stress, resistance to salts and toxic effects of ions, osmotic adjustment, turgor maintenance. Heavy metals and xenobiotics, metal toxicity, effects on pH, mechanisms of resistance, phytochelatins, phytoremediation. 5.
Flooding and oxygen deficiency, hypoxic and anoxic condition, acclimation and adaptation to flood, development of aerenchyma, effects on ethylene. 6. Nutrition stresses - deficience of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, mechanisms of tolerance.
Irradiance, UV irradiance, mechanisms of damage and resistance. 7. Oxidative stress - reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species, photoinhibiton and photodestruction, antioxidant enzymes and compounds. 8.
Role of saccharides in plant stress - osmoregulators and osmoprotectants, quenching of ROS, signalling, vitrification. 9. Phytohormones involved in plant stress - mechanisms of action and regulation Biotic factors - occurrence, mechanisms of damage and resistance in plants. 10.
Plant pathogens, diseases, host physiology, plant defence against pathogen attack, disease resistance, hypersensitive reactions, elicitors, PR-proteins. 11. Herbivory, plant - herbivory interactions, indirect and direct defences, phytoalexins, systemic acquired resistance, defensive compounds. 12.
Generalities, trends, allelopathy, hypersensitive response.
Concepts and theories of stress in plants (Stressor-stress, Stress-strain, Stress factors-stress response). Theories and definitions of adaptation, acclimation, coping, resistance, tolerance, and avoidance. Occurrence of abiotic and biotic stresses. Specific and unspecific reactions (stress genes, stress proteins, stress fytohormones, oxidative stress). Mechanisms of damage and resistance in plants to frost, chilling, heat, drought, salt, flooding, hypoxia, anoxia, heavy metals, radiation (UV, visible, infrared), mechanical stress, pathogens-diseases (viruses, bacteria, fungi, worms), pests (herbivores, insects). Plant defence systems, multiple stress interaction. literature:
The chapter Stress Physiology in texbook: Plant Physiology (Taiz a Zeiger, eds., Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 1998).
E.T.Nilsen, D.M.Orcutt, Physiology of plants under stress. Abiotic Factors (1996), Soil and Biotic Factors (2000) John Willey and Sons, Inc. N.Y.-Chichester-Brisbane-Singapore-Weinheim.