Syllabus
1. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic xenobiotics
2. The fate of xenobiotics in organisms (entry to organisms, transport in organisms and into the cells, biotransformation, elimination, excretion)
3. Pharmacokinetics of xenobiotics
4. The effects of xenobiotics on metabolic processes (target metabolic pathways for individual xenobiotics - e.g. heavy metals, air and industrial pollutants, car exhausts, drugs, potential toxicants, mutagens, teratogens, carcinogens
5. Metabolic conversion of xenobiotics in organisms (activation, detoxication)
6. Two phases of biotransformation (derivatization, conjugation). Elimination of xenobiotics from cells
7. Types of reactions involved in both phases of biotransformation (oxidation, reduction, conjugation reactions, hydrolysis]
8. Enzymes participating in xenobiotics biotransformation (the system of microsomal mixed function oxidases/oxygenases containing cytochromes P450 as terminal oxidases, microsomal monooxygenases containing flavine, peroxidases, reductases, amidases, esterases, epoxid hydrolase, UDP-glucuronoside transferase, sulphotransferases, glutathione-S-transferases, aminoacyltransferases)
9. Regulation of xenobiotic biotrasformation References Voet D., Voet J.: Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1990. Jindra A., Kovács P., Pšenák M., Šípal Z.: Biochémia. Molekularobiologické a farmaceutické aspekty Osveta.
1985.
Annotation
The aim of the course is to make students familiar with the fate of xenobiotics in organisms. The course is a lecture useful for chemists and especially for biochemists. At first, essential informations on hydrophilic and hydrophobic xenobiotics is given. In addition, the fate of xenobiotics in organisms (entry to organisms, transport in organisms and into the cells, biotransformation, elimination, excretion) is shown in details. The students are also informed on pharmacokinetics of xenobiotics and the effects of hydrophilic and hydrophobic xenobiotics on the metabolic processes (target metabolic pathways for individual xenobiotics - e.g. heavy metals, air pollutants, car exhausts, industrial pollutants, drugs, potential toxicants, mutagens, teratogens, and carcinogens). Metabolic conversion of xenobiotics in organisms (biotransformation - activation and detoxication) is shown in details. Namely, two phases of biotransformation: (i) derivatization and (ii) conjugation of xenobiotics, types of reactions involved in both phases of xenobiotic biotrasformation (oxidative, reductive, conjugative reactions, hydrolysis). Moreover, enzymes participating in xenobiotic biotransformation (the system of microsomal mixed function oxidases/oxygenases containing cytochromes P450 as terminal oxidases, microsomal monooxygenases containing flavine, peroxidases, reductases, amidases, esterases, epoxid hydrolase, UDP-glucuronoside transferase, sulphotransferases, glutathione-S-transferases, aminoacyltransferases) are trained in details, too. Finally, regulation of processes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation is shown.
Lectures - in Czech - and English
Lectures are delivered in Czech to Czech students. For Erasmus students the lectures are in English. Depending on the number of students enroled the course is arranged as lectures or in another way (colloquium, consultations).