Syllabus
Basics of thermodynamics.
Thermodynamic system and its equilibrium. Description of state, state functions, internal and external state parameters. Equations of state.
Equilibrium and non-equilibrium processes.
Reversible and irreversible processes.
Thermodynamic equilibrium, empirical temperature.
Temperature measurement devices.
The first law of thermodynamics.
Internal energy and its transformations.
Work, heat, adiabatic process.
Differentials of the functions of state, Pfaffian differential forms, conditions of integrability.
Heat capacity, latent heat.
Heat measurement techniques.
The second law of thermodynamics.
Cyclic processes.
Heat machines.
Carnot cycle.
Efficiency of the Carnot machine.
Thermodynamic temperature.
Clausius inequality.
Entropy.
Applications of thermodynamic laws.
Thermodynamic potentials and their applications.
Legendre transformation, physical meaning and calculation of the potentials.
Maxwell relations.
Ideal gas, van der Waals gas.
Relation between the thermal and the caloric equation of state, thermodynamics coefficients.
Equations of isothermic and adiabatic processes. Polytropic processes.
Expansion into vacuum, Joule-Kelvin expansion. Joule-Thomson process, gas condesation.
Chemical potential, its calculation for the ideal gas.
The third law of thermodynamics and its consequences.
Adiabatic demagnetization.
Thermodynamics of systems with several phases or components.
Phases, phase transitions.
Gibbs phase rule, examples of phase diagrams.
First-order phase transitions. Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
Second-order phase transitions. Ehrenfest equations.
State transitions.
Chemical equilibrium.
Molecular-kinetic theory of matter.
Basics of a statistical description.
Molecular chaos, Brownian motion.
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.
Equipartition theorem.
Pressure and temperature,
Mean molecular characteristics (average velocity, mean free path, collision frequency).
Transport phenomena (diffusion, thermal conductivity, internal friction).
Van der Waals interactions.
Basics of statistical physics.
Classic description of many particle system in statistical mechanics.
Macroscopic and microscopic description of the physical state.
Phase space.
Basic tools of statistical description.
Distribution function.
Ergodic principle.
The role of quantum mechanics. Semi-quantum statistical description.
Partition function. Calculation of the state sum, the internal energy and the Helmholtz free energy.
Boltzmann formula for the entropy.
Statistical ensambles: Microcanonical ensemble, canonical ensemble and grand canonical ensamble.
Statistical distributions: Fermi-Dirac, Bose-Einstein and Maxwell-Boltzmann. Fermions and bosons.
Statistical calculations: Photon gas and Planck law for the thermal radiation. Heat capacity of a solid, phonons (Einstein and Debye models).
Annotation
Basic concepts and postulates of thermodynamics (TD), equilibrium TD systems, reversible and irreversible processes. 1st and 2nd Law of TD, entropy and absolute temperature. State quantities and state equations
(material relations). Thermodynamic potentials. Heat engines. Chemical equilibrium. Phase transitions. 3rd Law of
TD. Basic concepts of statistical physics (SP). Statistical ensembles, distribution function, Boltzmann distribution.
Statistical calculation of thermodynamic quantities. Kinetic theory of gases. Selected applications.