Annotation
In essence, this course provides ontological, gnoseological and ethical contexts which are inevitable prerequisites for understanding the habitual problems of the present.
The main goal of the course is to present the most important ontological, gnoseological and ethical crises in the history of philosophy.
The course concentrates on the essential contexts not only in the history of philosophy, but above all in philosophy itself in a historical perspective. Philosophy is not a standard scientific discipline like any other, but it is the source of Europe’s spiritual origins alongside Christianity and the Enlightenment. The topics of the course will be chosen depending on the subject of participants’ dissertations: Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Shintoism - the East from a philosophical point of view; myth and logos, pre-Socratic thinking - the discovery of the possibility of thinking; Socrates and Plato as thinkers of truth in the face of the Sophist denial of truth and its possibilities; Aristotle and the origins of philosophy; Hellenistic thinking and the birth of the world as a universe; Christian-Roman metaphysics and theology; the medieval dispute over universalia - haecceitas and quidditas; Cartesian science “more geometrico” as a source of meaning for modern knowledge and humanity; Kant's transcendental inquiry into the conditions of the possibility of experience; Hegel's logic as metaphysics; Marx's political economy; Nietzsche as a prophet of the 20th century; voluntarism in philosophy: Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and others; Edmund Husserl and phenomenology; Martin Heidegger and the problem of the beginning or origin; the phenomena ‘das Gestell’ and ‘die Machenschaft’ as an approach to the history of our being; Czech philosophy (Comenius, Bolzano, Augustin Smetana, Masaryk, Tvrdý, Rádl, Patočka, etc.); positivism and neopositivism: Vienna and the Prague Linguistic Circle, Carnap, Kraft, etc.; Wittgenstein and Popper, Thomas Kuhn, etc.; in the natural sciences, F. Capra; Foucault, Derrida, Lyotard, Ricoeur, etc.; Lévinas's conception of asymmetric philosophy as a reaction to the phenomenon of the "Holocaust"; and Arendt and the new conception of evil at present, and the loss of authority.
To sum up, the course highlights ontological, gnoseological and ethical contexts which are inevitable prerequisites for understanding the habitual problems of the present.
The main goal of the course is to show and present the most important ontological, gnoseological and ethical crises in the history of philosophy.