Cell structure

· definition and general characteristics of a cell (cell theory)

· structure of prokaryotic cell

· structure of eukaryotic cell (plant and animal)

Chemical composition of living systems

· water and inorganic substances

· low molecular weight organic molecules: saccharides, organic acids, amino acids, nucleotides, phospholipids

· high molecular weight organic molecules: polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids

Nucleic acids and chromosomes I

· structure of DNA

· chromosome structure in prokaryotes and viruses

· chromosome structure in eukaryotes

Nucleic acids and chromosomes II

· replication

· transcription

· translation

Membranes I

· membrane structure

o lipid bilayer

o molecular structure of membranes – lipids, proteins, saccharides

· cytoplasmic membrane

Membranes II

· membrane transport

· carrier proteins

· ion channels and the electrical properties of membranes

Membrane organelles I

· mitochondria

o the structure

o cellular respiration – Krebs cycle, electron-transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

· chloroplasts

o the structure

o photosynthesis – light reactions and dark reactions

Membrane organelles II

· endoplasmic reticulum

· Golgi apparatus

· endosomes

· lysosomes

· peroxisomes

· intracellular vesicular transport

o transport from the endoplasmic reticulum through the Golgi apparatus

o transport from the trans Golgi network to lysosomes

o transport into the cell from the plasma membrane: endocytosis

o transport from the trans Golgi network to the cell exterior: exocytosis

Cell communications

· general principles of cell communication

· signal molecules

· receptors

o ion-channel–coupled receptors

o G-protein–coupled receptors

o enzyme–coupled receptors

Cell division

· cell cycle - four phases (G1, S, G2, M)

· mitosis - prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

· meiosis

Cell cycle control system

· regulation of the cell cycle

· cell differentiation

· cell death

Reproduction of organisms

asexual reproduction

characteristics
binary fission, vegetative reproduction, amitosis

sexual reproduction

characteristics
gametogenesis - spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization