The paper brings a report on the research project "Rural Settlements in Bohemia in the Age of Transition". The aim of this project is to integrate archaeological data into a complex study of social, economic and cultural transformation from the medieval to the post-medieval world. The paper is diveded into five parts - (1) Socio-economic regionalisation of Bohemia, (2) The conception of archaeological research, (3) Research questions and study methods, (4) Project parts and (5) Dicussion of the preliminary results.