The design of four new fluorinated biaryl fluorescent labels and their attachment to nucleosides and nucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) by the aqueous cross-coupling reactions of biarylboronates is reported. The modified dNTPs were good substrates for KOD XL polymerase and were enzymatically incorporated into DNA probes.
The photophysical properties of the biaryl-modified nucleosides, dNTPs, and DNA were studied systematically. Some labels were used for detection of secondary structure changes, mismatch pairing or pH microenvironment.