Vitamin D metabolism and current options for therapeutic activation of vitamin D receptor in patients with chronic kidney disease or renal failure

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease ( CKD ), and chronic renal failure in particular, is associated with vitamin D deficiency and with a disorder of all metabolic proceses that are asociated with vitamin D. calcidiol levels are often low.

Keywords

• calcidiol
• calcitriol
• chronic kidney disease
• chronic renal failure
• paricalcitol
• secondary hyperparathyroidism
• vitamin D receptor