Abstract
Articles from peer-reviewed journals, abstracts from scientific meetings, and literature searches by hand electronically formed the basis of this review. The articles were evaluated using Levels of Evidences adapted by the ICUD from the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine.Specialist evaluation of the patient is primarily a clinical approach with history, frequency-volume chart, physical examination, and postvoidresidual urine.
Other investigations such as radiographic imaging of the lower urinary tract, cystoscopy, and uro-dynamic studies can provide important information for the clinician. For stress incontinence of various etiologie the artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) has the longest record of satisfactory results.
Consideration must be given to the need for revisions for mechanical breakdown, erosion/ifection, and recurrent incontinence, as well as cost. Sling procedures are increasingly being reported to have good outcomes for mild to moderate incontinence.