Abstract
Sleep-related rhythmic movements (RM) (jactatio capitis et corporis nocturna) are mostly transient physiological phenomena in infants and toddlers. They are characterized by stereotyped, repetitive rhythmic movements of head, neck and trunk, less commonly of extremities (head banging, body rocking, head and body rolling, leg banging or rolling).
In some cases they can persist into childhood or adulthood and may be associated with sleep fragmentation, impaired daytime functioning or with a risk of injury. RM with clinical consequences are known as rhythmic movement disorder (RMD).
RM occur during sleep onset or during superficial sleep but they can be present during any sleep stage. RM can be very intense and disturb sleep of the entire family.
Aetiology and pathogenesis are unknown. RM in infants and toddlers do not require any treatment.
Various psychotherapeutic techniques and short-term administration of benzodizepines are used to manage RMD. Obstructive sleep apnea or restless legs syndrome can play a role as a trigger of RM and nocturnal videopolysomnography may be helpful for accurate diagnosis of RMD and associated sleep disorders.