Lower Retinol Levels as an Independent Predictor of Mortality in Long-term Hemodialysis Patients: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study

Abstract

Malnutrition, inflammation, and oxidative stress are inter-related mechanisms linked to the progression of cardiovascular disease and prognosis of long-term hemodialysis patients.

Keywords

• Antioxidant
• cardiovascular
• hemodialysis
• mortality
• retinol
• selenium
• alpha-tocopherol
• vitamin A
• vitamin E
• zinc