Bud development types as a new macroscopic marker of Norway spruce decline and recovery processes along a mountainous pollution gradient

Abstract

The results indicate that traditional macroscopic markers such as crown defoliation are less sensitive to the current status of tree crowns when compared with the proportion of individual bud development types.

Keywords

• picea-abies
• simulated herbivory
• apical dominance
• vegetative buds
• crown condition
• douglas-fir
• red spruce
• growth
• needles
• tree
• tree physiology
• plant ecological physiology
• forest health
• monitoring forest health
• forest decline
• crown defoliation