Hope as a moderator of pain

Abstract

Tehe authors discuss various interpretation of the term hope. Utmost attention is given to three models presented by the authors: Morse-Penrod model. the modified Vlayen.Linton model, and the Ness model.

All three models are exemplified by case reports.

Keywords

• hope
• hopelessness
• chronic pain
• terminal care
• pain tolerance
• coping