Abstract
This chapter should focuse on these aims: to emphasize the importance of regular physical activity for ESRD patients on hemodialysis; to focus on the description of selected factors affecting physical fitness and mental condition of those patients; to introduce various physical activities appropriate for patients on hemodialysis including applications during or after the treatment; to focus on the emphasis of the importance of regular physical activity within physical activity programs developed to improve physical status and quality of life of HD patients; to extend self-support and independent life of HD patients with the special attention to the elderly patients; to introduce physical activity as a tool to better prepare patients for renal transplantation.