Abstract
BACKGROUND: Secondary brain injury contributes to poor outcome for patients sustaining brain trauma. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a potential marker, as well as effector of secondary brain injury.
This enzyme degrades components of extracellular matrix, and thus it can contribute to blood-brain barrier disruption. METHODS: We studied dynamics of MMP-9 in jugular venous blood of 15 patients sustaining either an isolated head injury or a head injury as a part of major trauma, and requiring intensive care (Glasgow Coma Scale <8 at the time of admission).
Blood samples were taken at the 1st, 3rd and 5th day, levels of MMP-9 in plasma were assessed using ELISA. Outcome quality was assessed at the time of discharge from our hospital.
FINDINGS: Our results show an increase of MMP-9 levels on the 1st day after the brain trauma, followed by a drop on the 3rd day and a rise on day 5. This biphasic time-course was observed in all patients, but no statistically significant differences between each group (major trauma vs. isolated brain trauma, good outcome vs. poor outcome) were found.
CONCLUSIONS: Initially increased MMP-9 levels in the 1st posttraumatic day is probably related to transient blood-brain barrier dysruption. The decrease of MMP-9 levels observed on the 3rd day can be explained by restoration of blood-brain barrier integrity and its reduced permeability.
The second rise of MMP-9 levels observed in the 5th day probably indicates a developing secondary brain injury during which MMP-9 is produced in the brain as a part of an inflammatory response. RESULTS: of our study suggest that MMP-9 could play an important role in pathogenesis of secondary brain injury.