Heart rate is the independent factor affecting ischemic load in patients with angina and the rate of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic heart failure. During pharmacological intervention as part of prophylaxis for myocardial ischemia in patients with angina, a reduction of ischemic load has been documented for booth treatment with beta-blockers and with ivabradine.
The treaqtment of chronic heart failure with negative chronotropic ešffect - beta-blockers and ivabradine - fauvorably affected cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.