Abstract
The book describes the foundation and development of mathematical thought and education in ancient Egypt and Mezopotamia. The short overview on history of both countries, on their writing systems, languages, education systems etc. are at the beginnings of each part.
The numeration,computation practice, the typical mathematical problems from algebra and geometry are expain from original sources. Many original exercices are translated in the Czech language for the first time.
The connections between mathematics and architecture, astronomy, physics, business are shown.