Abstract
Late organ and metabolic symptoms of the lack of ovarian estrogens are slow to manifest themselves and are often observed several years after the estrogen production stops. Among frequent consequences of estrogen deficiency in postmenopause and at the elderly age are urogynecological complaints (symptoms of urogenital atrophy, urge and stress urinary incontinence and recurrent urinary tract infections).
Topical estrogens have a positive effect on vaginal and lower urinary tract perfusion and trophy but do not stimulate endometrial proliferation or cause uterine bleeding. Low dose vaginal estrogens in postmenopause proved effective in the prevention and treatment of all consequences of estrogen deficiency in the urogenital area.