Clinical Evaluation of the Ceramic Femoral Component Used for Reconstruction of Total Knee Replacement
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The study evaluates mid-term results of total knee replacement with a zirconia ceramic (ZrO2) femoral component. Material: The evaluated group comprised 20 knees in 19 patients (4 men and 15 women).
In one patient the replacement was performed bilaterally. Two patients had in the contralateral knee the same type of prosthesis with a femoral chrome-cobalt component.
The mean age at the time of operation was 65.2 years (range, 38-81 years).The primary indication was 14 times osteoarthritis and 5 times rheumatoid arthritis. The average follow-up period was 6.5 years (range, 2.1-8.5 years).
Methods: Patients included in the study regardless of age, body mass and the basic diagnosis, agreed with the use of the ceramic femoral component. The evaluation covered a range of motion, mechanical axis, joint stability, pain, swelling, ability to walk on level ground and on stairs, subjective satisfaction (EULAR Knee Chart).
Radiograph were assessed at one year intervals in two projections to identify the incidence of radiolucency around the implant. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used and compared with the survival curve in identical chrome-cobalt implants.
Results: At the final follow-up, 14 knees were evaluated, because 3 patients died without any connection with the implant, in one case the tibial component migrated due to necrosis of the tibial condyle in a patient with RA and two implants had to be revised and replaced due to polyethylene wear. No infection or negative tissue reaction was recorded in the evaluated group.
The average flexion range was 109 degrees. All knees were stable and without swelling, in two cases there occurred slight femoropatellar pain.
Twelve patients were fully satisfied, 2 patients were satisfied with a certain reservation. The differences in the course of the survival curves of chrome-cobalt and ceramic implants were statistically insignificant.
Discussion: Although the use of zirconia ceramics in vitro reduces the amount of polyethylene wear, the clinical outcomes of total knee replacements as compared to the hip are not convincing. One of the causes may be the substantially different and more complex biomechanics of the knee.
Tribology improvement of the femoral ceramic component cannot compensate the deficiencies in the joint balancing in flexion and extension. The economically and technologically demanding production of these implants may be justified in patients with allergies caused by chrome-cobalt components.
Conclusions: The results of mid-term follow-up of the use of zirconia ceramic femoral components proved no impact on the improvement of the period of survival of the knee implant. No adverse response to the material or mechanical failure of the ceramic components was encountered.