Abstract
Neuromodulation is a process in which several classes of neurotransmitters in the nervous system regulate diverse populations of neurons. Neuromodulation in neurosurgery is a process in which artificial devices manage the nervous system.
The main neuromodulatory methods for the treatment of chronic pain are described. These include traditional neurostimulation methods, such as peripheral subcutaneous field stimulation (PSFS), peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), spinal cord stimulation (SCS), occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) and motor cortex stimulation (MCS) as well as non-invasive methods, such as transcutaneous electric stimulation (TENS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and drugreleasing therapy - programmable pumps.
For each method, its history, pathophysiology, indications, description of the procedure, complications and outcomes are described.