Abstract
Muslim perceptions of a relation between religious and secular in the public life and in the theoretical and practical knowledge acquired new dimensions in the "long 19th century". Changes in the balance of power and in reciprocal understanding made the Muslims accept a possibility to learn from the Europeans and to migrate to their countries (which Muslim jurists had disapproved) as well as to reconsider the challenge of a secular way of life.
Nowadays, Muslim minorities in (post)Christian Europe continue to debate the issues of integration without assimilation. Opinions range from a pragmatic law-abiding citizenship to those of harsh criticism and rejection of the Western values.
A medium position seeks to adapt the interpretation of the European secular milieu to traditional categories of the Islamic Law. An important current is the search for a new jurisprudence (fiqh) for minorities and a trend to establish a Muslim parallel society.
It is not lacking in commercial aspects and in quibbling instructions. Our contribution gives an account of a diversity of competing ideas regarding the situation of Muslims in the secular Europe.