Abstract
This chapter focuses on transparency and confidence-building measures (TCBMs) as traditional tools of diplomacy and international relations that can be applied to outer space activities. Special attention is given to the multilateral dimension of TCBMs.
It first reviews the increasing demand for space TCBMs. It then provides an overview of the main space TCBM-related efforts to date, including the more recent ones being undertaken in the UN framework and by the European Union (EU).
The chapter concludes with an outlook on the future of space TCBMs.