Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells play a fundamental role in ontogenesis and bone regeneration as well. Empirical use of MSCs in reconstructive surgery of bones has a long history.
Currently the use of minimally manipulated MSCs derived from bone marrow in orthotropic applications turns to be a standard procedure in orthopedics. Nonetheless the launching of efficient and safe methods of somatic stem cell therapy and tissue engineering still require substantial amount of research and clinical trials in particular.
The only way how to avoid fatal errors in human regenerative medicine is to accurately and critically evaluate of all phases of clinical trials.