Abstract
Immunotherapy is a potentially useful modality for the treatment of urological cancers. Non-specific immunotherapeutic methods were used as the adjuvant therapy of bladder cancer in the past and, with limited success, also in renal cell carcinoma.
New immunotherapeutic protocols such as vaccination using dendritic cells and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have been successfully tested the therapy of prostate and renal cancer. Trial are ongoing for other types of urological cancers.