Abstract
Objective: To explore the association between depressive symptom history and cancer incidence. Methods: Affective/emotional depressive symptoms were assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30) depression sub-scale across phase 1 (1985-1988), phase 2 (1989-1990), and phase 3 (1991-1994) of the Whitehall II prospective cohort study; 'chronic' = depressive episode at phase 1,2 and 3; 'new' = depressive episode at phase 3 only.
Cancer incidence was obtained from the National Health Service Central Register with an average follow-up of 15.6 years (range 0.08-17.4). The study sample consisted of 6983 participants, aged 35-55 years at baseline.
Results were adjusted for age, sex, socio-economic position, health behaviours, health status/conditions, medication, and social support. Results: Over a 17.4 year follow-up, chronic depressive symptoms did not increase the risk of cancer incidence compared to those who never experienced symptoms (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71-1.49).
Participants who experienced new depressive symptoms had an increased risk of cancer incidence in the first 9 years of follow-up (HR = 1.89, 95% Cl: 123-2.90) but no increased risk in later years (HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.52-135). Conclusion: Chronic depressive symptoms were not associated with cancer incidence.
In contrast, new-onset symptoms were associated with a substantially increased risk, possibly due to reverse causality.