Biomarkers of apoptosis, inflammation, and cardiac extracellular matrix remodelling in the prognosis of heart failure
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) belongs to the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. AIM: The aim of the review is to evaluate available literature on biomarkers of apoptosis, extracellular matrix remodelling, and recently established markers of inflammation in patients with HF.
METHODS: Using the search words "Fas, "TRAIL", "apoptosis", "heart failure", "galectin-2, "ST-2", "metaloproteinase", "TGF- β1", "prognosis", "coronary artery diseases", and "dilated cardiomyopathy", a search was carried out. RESULTS: Eighty observational studies were included in the review.
CONCLUSIONS: The markers of apoptosis TRAIL and the inflammatory marker galectin-3, as well as the GDF-15, seem to be the most promissing biomarkers for the prognosis of patients with heart failure.