Abstract
Nanoscale titanium dioxide (nanoTiO(2)) is a commercially important nanomaterial. Animal studies have documented lung injury and inflammation, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.
Yet, human health data are scarce and quantitative risk assessments and biomonitoring of exposure are lacking. NanoTiO(2) is classified by IARC as a group 2B, possible human carcinogen.
In our earlier studies we documented an increase in markers of inflammation, as well as DNA and protein oxidative damage, in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of workers exposed nanoTiO(2). This study focuses on biomarkers of lipid oxidation.
Several established lipid oxidative markers (malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-trans-hexenal, 4-hydroxy-trans-nonenal, 8-isoProstaglandin F2 alpha and aldehydes C-6-C-12) were studied in EBC and urine of 34 workers and 45 comparable controls. The median particle number concentration in the production line ranged from 1.98x10(4) to 2.32x10(4) particles/cm(3) with similar to 80% of the particles <100 nm in diameter.
Mass concentration varied between 0.40 and 0.65mg/m(3). All 11 markers of lipid oxidation were elevated in production workers relative to the controls (p<0.001).
A significant dose-dependent association was found between exposure to TiO2 and markers of lipid oxidation in the EBC. These markers were not elevated in the urine samples.
Lipid oxidation in the EBC of workers exposed to (nano)TiO2 complements our earlier findings on DNA and protein damage. These results are consistent with the oxidative stress hypothesis and suggest lung injury at the molecular level.
Further studies should focus on clinical markers of potential disease progression. EBC has reemerged as a sensitive technique for noninvasive monitoring of workers exposed to engineered nanoparticles.