Detachment folding of partially molten crust in accretionary orogens: A new magma-enhanced vertical mass and heat transfer mechanism
Abstract
We use structural, petrographic, and geochronological data to examine processes of exhumation of partially molten crust in the Late Devonian-early Carboniferous Chandman dome in the Mongolian tract of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The dome is composed of a magmatite-migmatite core and a low-grade metamorphic envelope of early Paleozoic metasediments and Carboniferous clastics.
Its tectonic evolution can be divided into three main stages. The oldest fabric is a subhorizontal foliation, S-1, in migmatites that is subparallel to the magmatic foliation in granitoids and to the greenschist facies schistosity in the enveloping metasediments.
This event is interpreted as a result of horizontal deep crustal flow at depths of 20-25 km. The S-1 layering was subsequently transposed into a new foliation, S-2, or affected by open to close upright F-2 folds that are locally truncated by steep walls of diatexites, suggesting influx of partially molten crust into fold cores.
The shallow-dipping magmatic foliation in granitoids is locally reworked by vertical magmatic to gneissic S-2 fabrics. Syn-S-2 metamorphic assemblages and synkinematic to postkinematic cordierite point to exhumation of the migmatites and granitoids from 20-25 km to similar to 10 km, and concomitant isobaric heating of the surrounding upper crust.
New Ar-40/Ar-39 ages of 350-340 Ma from both the high-grade core and the metamorphic mantle overlap with previously published crystallization ages of 360-340 Ma, suggesting that magmatism and cooling in the upper crust are partly synchronous. Late syn-D-2, S-2-parallel leucogranite sheets crosscutting both the magmatic core and the mantling migmatites either exploit S-2 or crosscut horizontal S-1 fabrics; they are interpreted as brittle expulsion of magma during ongoing syn-D-2 exhumation.
We suggest that the partially molten crust and magmas rose vertically into the upper crust, along steep planar fabrics that are parallel to the axial fold plane of a crustal detachment folding, without contribution of buoyancy forces. In order to test that crustal-scale detachment folding can exhume partially molten crust, we apply an analogue model with temperature dependent rheology of the lower crust represented by a partially molten wax layer overlain by an upper crustal sand layer.
It is shown that the fold core initially filled by low-viscosity partially molten wax rapidly migrates upward during fold lock-up, enhancing upward extrusion of magma and migmatites along the fold axial plane. The exhumation of the lower crust wax is facilitated by erosional unroofing of the upper crustal sand above the hinge of the antiform.
In Chandman, localized siliciclastic lower Carboniferous basins rimming the dome attest to this erosional phenomenon. Using a simple geometrical analysis we show that detachment folding can explain magma collection in an orientation perpendicular to the main shortening direction, and episodic emplacement of magmas during amplification of the antiform.
In our view, the detachment folding model provides a new model for the exhumation of a weak zone above a rigid floor (basement from which the fold is detached) and its vertical extrusion related to locking of the fold and post-buckle flattening. This model helps elucidate steep retrograde pressure-temperature-time paths along steep fabrics, overlapping ages from different geochronometers, and emplacement of voluminous syntectonic magmas.