Hypogene Features in Sandstones: An Example from Carboniferous Basins of Central and Western Bohemia, Czech Republic
Abstract
Concave and cavernous forms including rising wall channels, rising sets of coalesced copula, ceiling half-tube channels, separate ceiling copula, ceiling chimneys, and half-spherical upward-convex arches locally occur in surface outcrops of Carboniferous arkose sandstones in central and western Bohemia. Many of these negative forms conventionally described as tafoni and/or honeycombs have been traditionally interpreted as products of various exogenous weathering processes.
Based on the line of indirect evidence, we propose an alternative interpretation in which these features represent transitional and outlet members of the morphologic suite of rising flow (MSRF), indicative of their subsurface hypogene origin. The negative forms are commonly associated with bedding planes and subvertical fractures mineralized with goethite and jarosite.
The reflectance of coal particles embedded in sandstone along mineralized bedding planes (0.91-1.03% Rr) is appreciably higher with respect to those of adjacent unaltered arkose host rocks (0.61-0.85% Rr), pointing to the thermal overprint by hot fluids. Moreover, the walls of many cavities are covered by sandy-disintegrated alterite locally mineralized with gypsum, dickite, goethite, authigenic quartz, pickeringite, and bischofite.
We suggest that these phenomena, including the origin of characteristic concave forms and mineralogical alterations of arkose host rocks, may have been due to warm, CO2-saturated and possibly H2S-rich brines that ascended from the deepest stratigraphic units of the Carboniferous succession via the network of subvertical tectonic fractures and migrated laterally outward along permeable bedding planes. As indicated by the apatite fission track analysis and wider geological observations, the alteration of arkose sandstones probably occurred at relatively shallow depth of burial, during the Tertiary uplift of the Bohemian Massif 15- 20 Ma ago.
In this environment, the alteration may have been accelerated by the effects of mixing corrosion where heated deep basinal fluids interacted with shallower interstratal waters. When the uplifted sandstone sequences eventually reached the surface, the hypogene cavities and altered cliff walls were subjected to subaerial weathering and fluvial erosion processes the effects of which were superimposed on older hypogene features.