Metabolic changes after spinal cord injury. Part II: Options for influencing energy expenditure by physical activity
Abstract
Metabolic changes which take place as a consequence following spinal cord injury (SCI) lead to a significant decrease of basal metabolic rate. When combined with a reduction of activity, obesity, diabetes type II and cardiovascular diseases often ensue.
Muscle mass is significantly reduced in wheel chair bound individuals. The upper limbs cannot perform activities with the same efficiency as the lower limbs and fatigue sets in earlier, as a result.
In addition, cardiovascular function is affected by the loss of muscle pump on the lower extremities. In higher lesions, loss of sympathetic regulation may occur.
In order to manage energy balance and to maintain peak physical condition, it is important to institute a consistent, long-Term physical activity regimen. This will improve self-reliance and the quality of life in SCI affected individuals.
A combination of endurance and resistance training is recommended. Endurance training improves cardiovascular function while resistance training increases muscle strength and stimulates muscle mass growth.
Maintaining muscle mass is also beneficial for elevating the basal metabolic rate. Additionally, certain forms of electrical stimulation can contribute to an increase in muscle mass.