Discovery and Identification of an Endogenous Metabolite of Tramiprosate and Its Prodrug ALZ-801 that Inhibits Beta Amyloid Oligomer Formation in the Human Brain
Abstract
Background ALZ-801 is an oral, small-molecule inhibitor of beta amyloid (A beta) oligomer formation in clinical development for Alzheimer's disease (AD). ALZ-801 is a prodrug of tramiprosate with improved pharmacokinetic properties and gastrointestinal tolerability.
During clinical studies, we discovered that the primary metabolite of tramiprosate and its prodrug ALZ-801, 3-sulfopropanoic acid (3-SPA), is an endogenous molecule in the human brain and present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with AD and other neurodegenerative brain diseases. Objective The objectives of this research were to (1) identify and confirm the presence of 3-SPA in CSF samples from elderly, drug-naive patients with memory deficits; (2) quantify the levels of 3-SPA in the CSF of patients with AD from tramiprosate phase III North American (NA) trial; (3) evaluate the in vitro anti-A beta 42 oligomer activity of 3-SPA; and (4) characterize the pharmacokinetics and brain-penetration properties of 3-SPA.
Methods Lumbar CSF samples from 64 drug-naive patients with cognitive deficits (Mini-Mental State Examination [NMSE] score range 15-30) and six patients with AD treated with tramiprosate 150 mg twice daily in the phase III trial, at week 78, were analyzed. We used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to confirm the structural molecular identity of endogenous 3-SPA with a 3-SPA reference standard and ion-mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry with molecular dynamics to characterize interactions of 3-SPA with A beta 42 monomers, and the resultant conformational alterations.
Rat studies using oral (30 mg/kg) and intravenous (10 mg/kg) doses were conducted to characterize the pharmacokinetic properties and brain penetration of 3-SPA. Results We confirmed the presence of 3-SPA in the CSF of drug-naive patients with cognitive deficits (mean concentration 11.7 +/- 4.3 nM).
The mean concentration of 3-SPA in patients with AD treated with tramiprosate was 135 +/- 51 nM. In vitro studies revealed a multi-ligand interaction of 3-SPA with monomeric A beta 42 that inhibits the aggregation of A beta 42 into small oligomers.
Comparisons of the molecular interactions of tramiprosate and 3-SPA with A beta 42 are also presented. Furthermore, in rat preclinical studies, 3-SPA displayed 100% oral bioavailability and 25% brain penetration, indicating that the metabolite is well absorbed and crosses the blood-brain barrier.
Conclusions We confirmed the endogenous presence of 3-SPA, the major metabolite of tramiprosate, in the CSF of drugnaive elderly patients with memory deficits due to AD and a variety of other neurodegenerative disorders. The levels of 3-SPA were up to 12.6-fold greater in patients with AD receiving tramiprosate than in drug-naive patients.
In addition, we showed that 3-SPA has potent anti-A beta oligomer activity, inhibiting aggregation of A beta 42 into small oligomers with efficacy comparable to that of tramiprosate. 3-SPA displays excellent oral availability and brain penetration in rats, suggesting that the higher CSF concentrations of 3-SPA in the human brain after oral administration of ALZ-801 or tramiprosate (and subsequent conversion to 3-SPA) result from the penetration of the metabolite into the central nervous system. These data suggest that 3-SPA is an endogenous agent with potential activity stabilizing the conformational flexibility of A beta monomers that, in turn, inhibit A beta misfolding and formation of soluble toxic A beta oligomers in humans, thereby preventing the initial pathogenic step in the progression of AD.
Clinical improvements observed in patients with AD carrying the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene in tramiprosate phase III studies may in part be explained by the therapeutic effects of excess levels of the metabolite in the brains of these patients. The potential protective role of 3-SPA in AD pathogenesis, as well as its therapeutic role in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders, warrants further investigation.