Abstract
Authors are exploring the question of the binding effect from various perspectives and compare timeless and exclusive in-depth experience and knowledge of individual European judicial systems, prompting the discussion on the relationship between national apex courts and the judicial compliance with the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and of the EU Court of Justice. The results can inform scholarship and practice about the impact and effectiveness of international courts and their authority, as well as about the role and power of national courts to foster the compliance and implementation of international courts' case law.