Electrochemical Methods for the Determination of Homovanillic, Vanillylmandelic, and 5-Hydroxy-3-indoleacetic Acid as Cancer Biomarkers
2018
Abstract
Homovanillic (HVA), vanillylmandelic (VMA), and 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid (HIAA) are cancer biomarkers and their abnormally high urinary levels can serve as a useful tool for prediction of neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and carcinoid tumors. HVA and VMA are connected with the catecholamine metabolism, while HIAA is related to the tryptophan metabolism.
The aim of this review is to describe the electrochemical oxidation HVA, VMA, and HIAA and summarize published voltammetric and amperometric methods suitable for the determination of these biomarkers in various biological fluids.