Empirical evidence from various human and animal studies shows that unhealthy lifestyle and maternal / parental risk behaviors preconceived and prenatally (health illiteracy) play a role in the etiology of various health disorders and developmental abnormalities in the long -term postnatal. Significant health determinants include health literacy.
Prenatal counseling should play a major role in this area. The expected outcome should be the healthy lifestyle of the woman / parents and the physiological prenatal and postnatal development of the child.