Abstract
The links between different organs and tissues of the human body are multiple and many-sided. Until now, the skeletal system has been considered rather isolated.
Recently, the extension of knowledge about the effects of hormones, immunity, nutrition, ions and other factors has considerably advanced. The latest studies demonstrate close relationship between the microbiome, especially the gut microbiome, and bone tissue metabolism.
The gut microbiome undoubtedly affect healthy development of bone tissue in childhood and its remodelling in adulthood, absorption of calcium, and production of proinfammatory interleukins including RANKL through influencing the immune system. Estrogen deficiency loosens intercellular junction of enterocytes and contributes to greater penetration of lipopolysaccharides, toxins and bacteria, and activation od chronic inflammation with a negative effect on bone metabolism.
The largest amount od knowledge has so far come from experimental animal studies, but its considerable part also applies to the human body.