Abstrakt
Sexual dimorphism (SD) in cross-sectional shape of the femur, especially the proximal femur, may also be related to SD in body shape, that is, a greater pelvic breadth in females. Sexual dimorphism of cross-sectional morphology and strength have been examined in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic samples, and for regionally limited Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Medieval samples.
Sexual dimorphism in average strength shows more temporal variability in humeri than in the lower limb bones, as well as distinctive differences between right and left sides. Change in mechanical loading is only one among various factors influencing SD, including genetics, hormones, growth patterns, and nutrition.
The largest changes in SD of lower limb bone strength properties occurs between the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic, corresponding to major changes in sex-related subsistence roles, particularly among males. Variation in upper and lower limb bone strength in males and females is further demonstrated by comparing SD in femoral/humeral strength across temporal periods.