Abstract
Chronic pain is not always manageable with standard treatment modalities. Moreover, physicians are now globally on the constant lookout for opioid sparing in chronic pain management due to the "opioid crisis", and neuromodulation treatment may by the possible answer.
Neuromodulation is the process of inhibition, stimulation, modification or therapeutic alteration of activity in the central or peripheral nerve systems, with the use of electric current or drugs. The most important parts of neuromodulation for pain management are neurostimulation and intrathecal drug delivery.
The use of neuromodulation has evidently seen growth over the course of the last decade due to novel systems, hardware advancements, and novel chronic pain indications. In this article we present an updated review on spinal cord stimulation and intrathecal drug delivery systems, and their use in chronic pain treatment.