Risk Stratification Tools and Prognostic Models in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Critical Assessment from the European Association of Urology Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Guidelines Panel

Abstract

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease. A risk-based therapeutic approach is recommended.

We present available risk stratification and prediction tools and the degree of their validation with the aim to increase their use in everyday clinical practice.

Keywords

• Bladder cancer
• Prognosis
• Recurrence
• Progression
• Risk stratification
• Scoring system
• Scoring model
• Risk