Imaging modalities and treatment of paediatric upper tract urolithiasis: A systematic review and update on behalf of the EAU urolithiasis guidelines panel
Abstract
Background: Prompt diagnosis and treatment of paediatric urolithiasis are required to avoid long term sequelae of renal damage. Objective: To systematically review the literature regarding the diagnostic imaging modalities and treatment approaches for paediatric urolithiasis.
Study design: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science were systematically searched from January 1980-January 2019. 76 full-text articles were included. Results: Ultrasound and Kidney-Ureter-Bladder radiography are the baseline diagnostic examinations.
Non-contrast Computed Tomography (CT) is the second line choice with high sensitivity (97-100%) and specificity (96-100%). Magnetic Resonance Urography accounts only for 2% of pediatric stone imaging studies.
Expectant management for single, asymptomatic lower pole renal stones is an acceptable initial approach, especially in patients with non-struvite, non-cystine stones20 mm.