Abstract
Mitochondria are part of almost all eukaryotic cells. Their function is to produce and release energy for the needs of the cell, provide beta-oxidation, participate in the synthesis of steroids, serve for heat production through non-shaking thermoregulation or for calcium ions storage.
They are also involved in the cell apoptosis and membrane potential regulation. Mitochondrial energy production affects cell proliferation, changes in gene expression, and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is located in the matrix of mitochondria and is inherited exclusively maternally. Hence it is a suitable tool for studying the evolution of the human population, for elucidating evolutionary relationships, and for mapping the migration throughout history.
Gene mutations in nuclear DNA or mtDNA negatively impact the mitochondrial activity. As a result, various mitochondrial diseases arise, which are characterized by a specific type of heredity and various clinical manifestations.
Their origin has most often been explained by the theory of mitochondrial aging. The quality of mitochondria is negatively affected, among other, by environmental effects, mainly radiation.
Most of all they benefit from healthy lifestyle including diets rich in vitamins, phytonutrients, and antioxidants.