Intense game grazing shapes epigeic spider communities of pedunculate oak Quercus robur plantations in anthropogenic environments
Abstract
Game browsing affects nature conservation because the interests of hunters and gamekeepers often lead to high game stocking rates. However, the compositional effects of game browsing on invertebrates are insufficiently understood.
We addressed the dynamics of epigeic spider communities in oak stands planted in newly formed anthropogenic environments under the facultative pressure of browsing game. The study site consisted of an open-cast lignite mine and an overburden deposit in NW Czechia.
Using pitfall traps, we examined five habitat types (four transects per habitat type): Quercus robur stands >= 25 years of age, 12-24 years of age, and 0-2 years of age; Q. robur stands 12-24 years of age that were heavily damaged by game browsing; and sites subject to spontaneous succession for 12-22 years. We captured 9459 individuals from 134 spider species distributed unevenly across the examined habitat types.
The young stands were dominated by Pardosa agrestis, Pardosa monticola, and Oedothorax apicatus, whereas Pardosa prativaga, Pardosa lugubris, Pisaura mirabilis, and Alopecosa cuneata dominated the old stands. The stands damaged by browsing had the highest species richness and were dominated by Alopecosa pulverulenta, Xerolycosa miniata, A. cuneata, and Trochosa ruricola.
All the oak stands were rich in threatened species, with most (26) found in habitats damaged by browsing, whereas the youngest stands hosted the lowest number of threatened species (11). The species dominating old stands still included species that prefer greater canopy openness, such as P. lugubris, whereas numerous species of central European climax oak forests were lacking.
In conclusion, we identified oak stands heavily damaged by game browsing as a unique environment that shapes the community of epigeic spiders and that differs from epigeic spider communities of oak stands of various ages and those colonizing areas that are allowed to undergo spontaneous succession.