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What the Hel: recent advances in understanding rifampicin resistance in bacteria

Publication at Central Library of Charles University |
2022

Abstract

Rifampicin is a clinically important antibiotic that binds to, and blocks the DNA/RNA channel of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP). Stalled, nonfunctional RNAPs can be removed from DNA by HelD proteins; this is important for maintenance of genome integrity.

Recently, it was reported that HelD proteins from high G+C Actinobacteria, called HelR, are able to dissociate rifampicin-stalled RNAPs from DNA and provide rifampicin resistance. This is achieved by the ability of HelR proteins to dissociate rifampicin from RNAP.

The HelR-mediated mechanism of rifampicin resistance is discussed here, and the roles of HelD/HelR in the transcriptional cycle are outlined. Moreover, the possibility that the structurally similar HelD proteins from low G+C Firmicutes may be also involved in rifampicin resistance is explored.

Finally, the discovery of the involvement of HelR in rifampicin resistance provides a blueprint for analogous studies to reveal novel mechanisms of bacterial antibiotic resistance. This review addresses structural and functional aspects of the mechanism of action of HelD/HelR proteins and discusses the so far poorly characterized mechanisms of their expression control.