Abstract
This chapter investigates European patterns of interethnic experiences and state policies in the long nineteenth century. The first section looks on the ways ethnic groups were viewed in the emerging modern nation-states of nineteenth-century Europe.
The second section explores multi-ethnicity and multinational empires in Central and Eastern Europe, concentrating on the Habsburg Monarchy as a paradigmatic example. Finally, the Jewish case is presented in a separate section as a special category of minority experiences.
The chapter is part of the innovative textbook that aims to address formative processes of European history in transnational and multiperspective way.